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Cirrina

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Cirrina
Temporal range: Campanian–present
Oral view of Cirrothauma murrayi showing single row of suckers and paired cirri
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: Octopoda
Suborder: Cirrina
Grimpe, 1916 sensu Felley et al., 2001
Families

Opisthoteuthidae
Grimpoteuthidae
Cirroteuthidae
Stauroteuthidae
Cirroctopodidae

Synonyms
  • Cirrata
    Grimpe, 1916
  • Cirroctopoda
    Young, 1989

Cirrina or Cirrata is a suborder and one of the two main divisions of octopuses. Cirrate octopuses have a small, internal shell and two fins on their head, while their sister suborder Incirrina has neither. The fins of cirrate octopods are associated with a unique cartilage-like shell in a shell sac. In cross-section, the fins have distinct proximal and distal regions, both of which are covered by a thin surface sheath of muscle.

The suborder is named for small, cilia-like strands (cirri) on the arms of the octopus, a pair for each sucker. These are thought to play some role in feeding, perhaps by creating currents of water that help bring food closer to the beak. Cirrate octopuses are noteworthy for lacking ink sacs and reduced gills. [1]

The oldest known member of the group is Paleocirroteuthis from the Late Cretaceous of Japan and Canada.[2]

There is not much data about cirrate octopods due to their fragility, making them particularly prone to becoming damaged when captured for sampling.

Phylogeny

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A molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA marker sequences by Sanchez et al., 2018, shows that the Cirrina is paraphyletic, i.e. it is not a single clade. Instead, a clade containing Opisthoteuthidae and Cirroctopodidae is sister to the Octopodida, while a clade containing Cirroteuthidae and Stauroteuthidae is sister to the clade that contains those other groups.[3] However, subsequent studies, using a greater coverage of species and genes, have found Cirrata and Incirrata to be monophyletic clades,[4] consistent with earlier morphological and molecular studies.[5][6]

Locomotion and Feeding

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Cirrina octopods swim by a combination of fin action and medusoid propulsion.[7] This mode of locomotion differs from other octopods that primarily rely on jet propulsion, which is less effective in cirrates.[7] In cross-section, the fins have distinct proximal and distal regions, both covered by a thin muscle sheath.[7] The distal region has dorsal and ventral muscle layers similar to those in decapod fins. In the proximal region, the fin cartilage forms a flat central core, providing skeletal support for muscle attachment.[7] Limited data on the stomach contents of cirrate octopods indicate a diet primarily consisting of Crustacea and Polychaeta.[7] the cirri, relatively long in Cirroteuthis with reduced musculature, may be used to scan seafloor for prey during feeding and to capture prey.[7] Reports on Stauroteuthis syrtensis suggest it consumes copepods and employs a hunting strategy that involves trapping prey in a muccous web produced by buccal secretory glands.

Classification

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The family level clades recognized within Cirrina has changed over time. Currently five families are recognized by the World Register of Marine Species allocated to two superfamily level clades, Superfamily Cirroteuthoidea (Cirroteuthidae, Stauroteuthidae) and Superfamily Opisthoteuthoidea (Opisthoteuthidae, Grimpoteuthidae, and Cirroctopodidae),[8] with these groups also recognized in recent molecular work.[4][9]

The family Opisthoteuthidae are primarily found in benthic regions of the sea, whereas Grimpoteuthidae and Cirroctopodidae reside in the benthopelagic regions. Lastly, the Cirroteuthidae family can be found in the pelagic region near the seafloor.[10]

The families Cirroteuthidae and Stauroteuthidae have been problematic, while they are distinct morphologically, molecular studies using mitochondrial genes revealed a single family (Stauroteuthidae being synonymized under Cirroteuthidae),[5] but more recent analysis using nuclear genes does show separation.[4] The family Grimpoteuthidae has also at times been synonymized under Opisthoteuthidae but is currently well supported.[5][11][4][12][13]

References

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  1. ^ Gibson, R. N.; Atkinson, R. J. A.; Gordon, J. D. M. (2006-06-13). Oceanography and Marine Biology: An annual review. Volume 44. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-0639-1.
  2. ^ Tanabe, Kazushige; Trask, Pat; Ross, Rick; Hikida, Yoshinori (2008). "Late Cretaceous octobrachiate coleoid lower jaws from the north Pacific regions". Journal of Paleontology. 82 (2): 398–408. doi:10.1666/07-029.1. ISSN 0022-3360.
  3. ^ Sanchez, Gustavo; Setiamarga, Davin H. E.; Tuanapaya, Surangkana; Tongtherm, Kittichai; Winkelmann, Inger E.; Schmidbaur, Hannah; Umino, Tetsuya; Albertin, Caroline; Allcock, Louise; Perales-Raya, Catalina; Gleadall, Ian; Strugnell, Jan M.; Simakov, Oleg; Nabhitabhata, Jaruwat (2018). "Genus-level phylogeny of cephalopods using molecular markers: current status and problematic areas". PeerJ. 6: e4331. doi:10.7717/peerj.4331. PMC 5813590. PMID 29456885.
  4. ^ a b c d Taite, M.; Fernández-Álvarez, F. Á.; Braid, H. E.; Bush, S. L.; Bolstad, K.; Drewery, J.; Mills, S.; Strugnell, J. M.; Vecchione, M.; Villanueva, R.; Voight, J. R.; Allcock, A. L. (2023-02-10). "Genome skimming elucidates the evolutionary history of OctopodA". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 182: 107729. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107729. hdl:10261/329953. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 36773750. S2CID 256804597.
  5. ^ a b c Piertney, Stuart B.; Hudelot, Cendrine; Hochberg, F. G.; Collins, Martin A. (2003-05-01). "Phylogenetic relationships among cirrate octopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) resolved using mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 27 (2): 348–353. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00420-7. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 12695097.
  6. ^ Lindgren, Annie R.; Pankey, Molly S.; Hochberg, Frederick G.; Oakley, Todd H. (2012-07-28). "A multi-gene phylogeny of Cephalopoda supports convergent morphological evolution in association with multiple habitat shifts in the marine environment". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 12 (1): 129. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-129. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 3733422. PMID 22839506.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Vecchione, Michael (1997). "Aspects of the functional morphology cirrate octopods : locomotion and feeding" (PDF). Vie et Milieu / Life & Environment: 101–110.
  8. ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Cirrata". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  9. ^ Verhoeff, Tristan Joseph (2023-11-24). "The molecular phylogeny of cirrate octopods (Cephalopoda: Octopoda: Cirrata) using COI and 16S sequences". Folia Malacologica. 31 (4): 175–196. doi:10.12657/folmal.031.026. ISSN 1506-7629.
  10. ^ Gibson, R. N.; Atkinson, R. J. A.; Gordon, J. D. M. (2006-06-13). Oceanography and Marine Biology: An annual review. Volume 44. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-0639-1.
  11. ^ Gibson, R; Atkinson, R; Gordon, J, eds. (2006-06-13). Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Volume 44. Oceanography and Marine Biology - An Annual Review. CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9781420006391. ISBN 978-0-8493-7044-1.
  12. ^ Verhoeff, Tristan Joseph; O’Shea, Steve (2022-01-02). "New records and two new species of Grimpoteuthis (Octopoda: Cirrata: Grimpoteuthididae) from southern Australia and New Zealand". Molluscan Research. 42 (1): 4–30. doi:10.1080/13235818.2022.2035889. ISSN 1323-5818. S2CID 247020706.
  13. ^ Ziegler, Alexander; Sagorny, Christina (2021-04-23). "Holistic description of new deep sea megafauna (Cephalopoda: Cirrata) using a minimally invasive approach". BMC Biology. 19 (1): 81. doi:10.1186/s12915-021-01000-9. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 8063452. PMID 33888110.
  14. ^ Tanabe, Kazushige; Trask, Pat; Ross, Rick; Hikida, Yoshinori (March 2008). "Late Cretaceous octobrachiate coleoid lower jaws from the north Pacific regions". Journal of Paleontology. 82 (2): 398–408. Bibcode:2008JPal...82..398T. doi:10.1666/07-029.1. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 130635916.
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